Bakry–Émery–Ricci curvature: an alternative network geometry measure in the expanding toolbox of graph Ricci curvatures

Abstract

Abstract The characterization of complex networks with tools originating in geometry, for instance through the statistics of so-called Ricci curvatures, is a well established tool of network science. Various types of such Ricci curvatures capture different aspects of network geometry. In the present work, we investigate Bakry–Émery–Ricci curvature, a notion of discrete Ricci curvature that has been studied much in geometry, but so far has not been applied to networks. We explore on standard classes of artificial networks as well as on selected empirical ones to what the statistics of that curvature are similar to or different from that of other curvatures, how it is correlated to other important network measures, and what it tells us about the underlying network. We observe that most vertices typically have negative curvature. Furthermore, the curvature distributions are different for different types of model networks. We observe a high positive correlation between Bakry–Émery–Ricci and both Forman–Ricci and Ollivier–Ricci curvature, and in particular with the augmented version of Forman–Ricci curvature while comparing them for both model and real-world networks. We investigate the correlation of Bakry–Émery–Ricci curvature with degree, clustering coefficient and vertex centrality measures. Also, we investigate the importance of vertices with highly negative curvature values to maintain communication in the network. Additionally, for Forman–Ricci, Augmented Forman–Ricci and Ollivier–Ricci curvature, we compare the robustness of the networks by comparing the sum of the incident edges and the minimum of the incident edges as vertex measures and find that the sum identifies vertices that are important for maintaining the connectivity of the network. The computational time for Bakry–Émery–Ricci curvature is shorter than that required for Ollivier–Ricci curvature but higher than for Augmented Forman–Ricci curvature. We therefore conclude that for empirical network analysis, the latter is the tool of choice.