Neuropsychological Profile of Hospitalized Patients Due to COVID-19: Clinical and Inflammatory Correlates

Author:

Tsiaras Yiannis12,Kitsakis Nikolaos1,Papadopoulou Eleftheria3,Karanikas Evangelos1,Kourbetis Dimitrios1,Aretouli Eleni23

Affiliation:

1. 424 General Military Hospital Psychiatric Department, , Thessaloniki, Greece

2. University of Ioannina School of the Social Sciences, , Ioannina, Greece

3. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, School of Psychology, , Thessaloniki Greece

Abstract

Abstract Objectives In the present study, we investigated the pattern of cognitive difficulties in hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 and its relation with the clinical features of the disease. Method Forty hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [mean age: 46.98 years (SD = 9.30); mean years of education: 13.65 (SD = 2.07) and 40 sex-, age- and education-matched healthy controls completed a set of neuropsychological measures administered by telephone. Participants’ premorbid intellectual skills and patients’ anxiety and depressive symptoms were also evaluated. The association of COVID-19-related biomarkers [oxygen saturation (SpO2), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer and ferritin levels] with neuropsychological performances was examined with a series of hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses, after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, psychological distress and premorbid intellectual skills. Results Patients performed worse than healthy participants on measures of verbal memory, attention and working memory. SpO2 levels were associated with patients’ performance on verbal and working memory, whereas CRP levels were associated with performance on verbal memory, abstract reasoning and verbal fluency, after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Ferritin levels predicted performance on the verbal fluency test, whereas D-dimer levels did not predict any of the neuropsychological measures. Conclusions Cognitive difficulties in verbal memory, attention and working memory were noted in patients with COVID-19. Markers of hyperinflammation predicted patients’ performance above and beyond demographic characteristics, duration of symptoms, length of hospitalization and psychological distress.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health,Clinical Psychology,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology,General Medicine

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