Interactive Relations of Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Sex to Cognitive Function in Older Adults

Author:

Turnquist B Eric12ORCID,MacIver Peter H1,Katzel Leslie I345,Waldstein Shari R134

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , Baltimore, MD , USA

2. Department of Psychology, American University , Washington, DC , USA

3. Division of Gerontology , Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, , Baltimore, MD , USA

4. University of Maryland School of Medicine , Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, , Baltimore, MD , USA

5. Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore VA Medical Center , Baltimore, MD , USA

Abstract

Abstract Objective The course of cognitive aging is influenced by multiple health factors. This cross-sectional study investigated the interactive relations between body mass index (BMI), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and sex on neuropsychological outcomes in community-dwelling predominantly older adults. Methods Participants were 164 healthy adults [M (SD) = 64.6 (12.5) years, 56% men, 87% white] who participated in an investigation of cardiovascular risk factors and brain health. Multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression, examined the interactive relations of BMI, VO2max, and sex to multiple neuropsychological outcomes. Results Significant BMI*VO2max*sex interactions for Grooved Pegboard dominant (p = .019) and nondominant (p = .005) hands revealed that men with lower VO2max (l/min) displayed worse performance with each hand as BMI increased (p’s < .02). A significant BMI*sex interaction for Logical Memory—Delayed Recall (p = .036) (after adjustment for blood glucose) showed that men, but not women, with higher BMI demonstrated worse performance (p = .036). Lastly, significant main effects indicated that lower VO2max was related to poorer logical memory, and higher BMI was associated with poorer Trail Making B and Stroop interference scores (p’s < .05). Conclusions Among men, higher cardiorespiratory fitness may protect against the negative impact of greater BMI on manual dexterity and motor speed, making VO2max a target for intervention. Higher BMI is further associated with poorer executive function and verbal memory (in men), and lower VO2max is associated with poorer verbal memory.

Funder

National Institutes of Health

Veteran’s Affairs Merit Grant

Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center

Geriatrics and Gerontology Education and Research Program at the University of Maryland

University of Maryland Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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