Accuracy of commercial ELISA and ICT for screening schistosomiasis infections at a low endemicity area in Brazil

Abstract

Abstract Background Control interventions recommended by the World Health Organization have successfully resulted in low-intensity schistosomiasis transmission areas. To achieve elimination of transmission, new diagnostic screening tools are needed to overcome less than adequate sensitivity of the currently used Kato–Katz faecal thick smear method. Ideally, in-house serological tests should be avoided due to not having a continuous supply of kits as would be necessary for large population studies. Quality assurance provided by manufacturers and proper performance evaluations are also needed. We evaluated the accuracy of two commercially available serology tests as screening methods for detecting light schistosomiasis infections. Methods Serum samples were collected in 2015 from individuals living in a low-endemicity locality in northeastern Brazil and deposited in a biorepository. We evaluated immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and an immunochromatographic test (ICT). The Helmintex method was used to define true-positive samples. Results Overall sensitivity was close to 90% for both the IgG ELISA and ICT, yet specificity was 28% and 18%, respectively. For the IgM ELISA, the values were estimated to be 55% and 43%, respectively. Conclusions Poor specificity and positive predictive values prevent these tests from being recommended for screening populations in low-intensity schistosomiasis-endemic areas.