Impact of nitrogen fertilization on carbon and water fluxes in a chronosequence of three Douglas-fir stands in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract

Abstract. This study examined the response of carbon (C) sequestration and evapotranspiration (ET) to nitrogen (N) fertilization during the four post-fertilization years (2007–2010) in a Pacific Northwest chronosequence of three Douglas-fir stands 61, 22 and 10 yr old in 2010 (DF49, HDF11 and HDF00, respectively). An artificial neural network (ANN) for time series analysis was employed to identify and estimate the complex nonlinear relationships between C and water exchanges and environmental variables. To test the performance of the ANN model, it was trained against multi-year monthly climate variables and EC-measured C and water fluxes for 1998–2004 and the trained model was then verified using data obtained in 2005 and 2006. The optimized model which showed high reliability (linear regression analysis: for C and water fluxes, R2 > 0.93, slope = 0.96–0.99, p < 0.000) was then used to calculate the C and water fluxes for 2007–2010 assuming the three stands were not fertilized. The calculated C and water fluxes (for non-fertilized conditions) were compared with the measured fluxes (for fertilized conditions) to quantify the effects of fertilization during the post-fertilization four years. Results showed that N fertilization increased gross primary productivity of all three stands in all four years with the largest absolute increases in the 10 yr-old stand (HDF00) followed by the 22 yr-old stand (HDF11). Ecosystem respiration increased in all four years at HDF00, but decreased over the last three years at HDF88, and over all four years in the 61 yr-old stand (DF49). As a result, fertilization increased the net ecosystem productivity of all three stands with the average increase being the largest at HDF88 followed by DF49. In addition, fertilization caused a small increase in annual ET in all four years at DF49; a small increase in the first year and a decrease in the next three years at HDF88; and no consistent effect at HDF00. Consequently, fertilization exerted only a small impact on water use efficiency in the oldest stand (DF49) but a significant increase in the two younger stands (HDF00 and HDF88). Furthermore, N fertilization increased light use efficiency in all three stands, especially in the 10 yr-old stand.