Extension of the WRF-Chem volcanic emission preprocessor to integrate complex source terms and evaluation for different emission scenarios of the Grimsvötn 2011 eruption
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Published:2020-11-24
Issue:11
Volume:20
Page:3099-3115
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ISSN:1684-9981
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Container-title:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.
Author:
Hirtl Marcus, Scherllin-Pirscher BarbaraORCID, Stuefer Martin, Arnold Delia, Baro Rocio, Maurer Christian, Mulder Marie D.
Abstract
Abstract. Volcanic eruptions may generate volcanic ash and sulfur
dioxide (SO2) plumes with strong temporal and vertical variations. When
simulating these changing volcanic plumes and the afar dispersion of
emissions, it is important to provide the best available information on the
temporal and vertical emission distribution during the eruption. The
volcanic emission preprocessor of the chemical transport model WRF-Chem has
been extended to allow the integration of detailed temporally and vertically
resolved input data from volcanic eruptions. The new emission preprocessor
is tested and evaluated for the eruption of the Grimsvötn volcano in
Iceland 2011. The initial ash plumes of the Grimsvötn eruption differed
significantly from the SO2 plumes, posing challenges to simulate plume
dynamics within existing modelling environments: observations of the
Grimsvötn plumes revealed strong vertical wind shear that led to
different transport directions of the respective ash and SO2 clouds.
Three source terms, each of them based on different assumptions and
observational data, are applied in the model simulations. The emission
scenarios range from (i) a simple approach, which assumes constant emission
fluxes and a predefined vertical emission profile, to (ii) a more complex
approach, which integrates temporarily varying observed plume-top heights
and estimated emissions based on them, to (iii) the most complex method that
calculates temporal and vertical variability of the emission fluxes based on
satellite observations and inversion techniques. Comparisons between model
results and independent observations from satellites, lidar, and surface air
quality measurements reveal the best performance of the most complex source
term.
Funder
European Commission Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
General Earth and Planetary Sciences
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