Synoptic control over winter snowfall variability observed in a remote site of Apennine Mountains (Italy), 1884–2015
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Published:2022-05-06
Issue:5
Volume:16
Page:1741-1763
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ISSN:1994-0424
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Container-title:The Cryosphere
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language:en
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Short-container-title:The Cryosphere
Author:
Capozzi Vincenzo, De Vivo Carmela, Budillon GiorgioORCID
Abstract
Abstract. This work presents a new, very long snowfall time series collected
in a remote site of Italian Apennine mountains (Montevergine Observatory,
1280 m above sea level). After a careful check, based on quality control
tests and homogenization procedures, the available data (i.e. daily height
of new snow) have been aggregated over winter season
(December–February) to study the long-term variability for the period
1884–2020. The main evidence emerging from this analysis lies in (i) the
strong interannual variability of winter snowfall amounts, (ii) the
absence of a relevant trend from the late 19th century to the mid-1970s, (iii) the strong reduction in the snowfall amount and frequency of occurrence from
the mid-1970s to the end of the 1990s and (iv) the increase in average snowfall
amount and frequency of occurrence in the past 20 years. Moreover, this study shed light on the relationship between the snowfall
variability observed in Montevergine and the large-scale atmospheric
circulation. Six different synoptic types, describing the meteorological
scenarios triggering the snow events in the study area, have been identified
by means of a cluster analysis, using two essential atmospheric variables,
the 500 hPa geopotential height and the sea level pressure (both retrieved
from the third version of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis dataset, which is
available for the 1884–2015 period). Such patterns trace out scenarios
characterized by the presence of a blocking high-pressure anomaly over
Scandinavia or the North Atlantic and by a cold air outbreak involving both
maritime and continental cold air masses. A further analysis demonstrates
that the identified synoptic types are strongly related with different
teleconnection patterns, i.e. the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the Eastern
Atlantic Western Russia (EAWR), the Eastern Mediterranean Pattern (EMP), the
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Scandinavian pattern (SCAND), that
govern the European winter atmospheric variability. The relevant decline in
snowfall frequency and amounts between the 1970s and 1990s can be mainly
ascribed to the strong positive trend of AO and NAO indices, which
determined, in turn, a decrease in the incidence of patterns associated with the advection, in central Mediterranean area, of moist and cold arctic
maritime air masses. The recent increase in average snowfall amounts can be
explained by the reverse trend of the AO index and by the prevalence of a neutral
or negative EAWR pattern.
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Earth-Surface Processes,Water Science and Technology
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