Transport of the Hunga volcanic aerosols inferred from Himawari-8/9 limb measurements

Abstract

Abstract. The Hunga volcano (21.545° S, 178.393° E; also known as Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha′apai) erupted on 15 January 2022, producing copious amounts of aerosols that reached high into the stratosphere, exceeding 30 km and settling into layers a few kilometres deep between 22 and 28 km. The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) on board the geostationary Himawari-8/9 platform at 140.7° E was able to monitor the eruption at 10 min intervals and 0.25 to 4 km2 spatial resolution within 16 spectral channels ranging from visible to infrared wavelengths and over a latitude–longitude field of view of ∼ ±75°. Here a new use of these data is proposed where the limb region of the field of view is exploited to detect aerosol layers extending vertically into the atmosphere. The analyses provide vertical profiles of scattered visible light and are compared to CALIOP space lidar measurements. Hunga aerosols are detected using the ratio of near-infrared reflectances at 1.61 and 2.25 µmm in the western limb from 22 January and in the eastern limb from 31 January 2022 up until the present time (December 2023). Between January and April 2022, the average zonal velocity is estimated to be ∼ −25 m s−1 (westwards) and the meridional velocity to be ∼ 0.2 m s−1 (northwards). The latitudinal spread is characterized by a gradual northerly movement of the main layer situated between 22 and 28 km in the first 60 d, and stagnation or slight southerly spread thereafter. There is a shallow maximum of the lower stratospheric aerosol between 10 and 20° S, and the aerosol loading during 2023 is elevated compared with the 3 months prior to the eruption. The Southern Hemisphere (0–30° S) tropical lower stratospheric aerosol e-folding time is estimated to be ∼ 12 months, but the decay is not uniform and has high variability. The current methodology does not provide quantitative estimates of the amount or type of aerosol, but based on the spectral properties of water and ice clouds the analysis suggests there is a strong liquid water content in the aerosol layers.