Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide inferred from tower and mobile atmospheric observations in the Netherlands
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Published:2023-08-23
Issue:16
Volume:20
Page:3539-3553
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ISSN:1726-4189
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Container-title:Biogeosciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Biogeosciences
Author:
Zanchetta AlessandroORCID, Kooijmans Linda M. J.ORCID, van Heuven StevenORCID, Scifo Andrea, Scheeren Hubertus A., Mammarella IvanORCID, Karstens UteORCID, Ma JinORCID, Krol MaartenORCID, Chen HuilinORCID
Abstract
Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a promising tracer for the estimation of
terrestrial ecosystem gross primary production (GPP). However, understanding
its non-GPP-related sources and sinks, e.g., anthropogenic sources and soil
sources and sinks, is also critical to the success of the approach. Here we
infer the regional sources and sinks of COS using continuous in situ mole fraction
profile measurements of COS along the 60 m tall Lutjewad tower (1 m a.s.l.;
53∘24′ N, 6∘21′ E) in the Netherlands. To identify
potential sources that caused the observed enhancements of COS mole
fractions at Lutjewad, both discrete flask samples and in situ measurements
in the province of Groningen were made from a mobile van using a quantum
cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS). We also simulated the COS mole fractions
at Lutjewad using the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT)
model combined with emission inventories and plant uptake fluxes. We
determined the nighttime COS fluxes to be -3.0±2.6 pmol m−2 s−1 using the radon-tracer correlation approach and Lutjewad
observations. Furthermore, we identified and quantified several COS sources,
including biodigesters, sugar production facilities and silicon carbide
production facilities in the province of Groningen. Moreover, the simulation
results show that the observed COS enhancements can be partially explained
by known industrial sources of COS and CS2, in particular from the Ruhr
Valley (51.5∘ N, 7.2∘ E) and Antwerp (51.2∘ N,
4.4∘ E) areas. The contribution of likely missing anthropogenic
sources of COS and CS2 in the inventory may be significant. The impact
of the identified sources in the province of Groningen is estimated to be
negligible in terms of the observed COS enhancements. However, in specific
conditions, these sources may influence the measurements in Lutjewad. These
results are valuable for improving our understanding of the sources and
sinks of COS, contributing to the use of COS as a tracer for GPP.
Funder
H2020 European Research Council Aard- en Levenswetenschappen, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Earth-Surface Processes,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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