Modelling changes in secondary inorganic aerosol formation and nitrogen deposition in Europe from 2005 to 2030
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Published:2022-01-26
Issue:2
Volume:22
Page:1311-1331
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Jonson Jan Eiof,Fagerli Hilde,Scheuschner Thomas,Tsyro Svetlana
Abstract
Abstract. Secondary inorganic PM2.5 particles are formed from SOx
(SO2+SO42-), NOx (NO+NO2), and
NH3 emissions, through
the formation of either ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) or
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). EU
limits and WHO guidelines for PM2.5 levels are
frequently exceeded in Europe, in particular in the winter months.
In addition the critical loads for eutrophication are exceeded in most
of the European continent. Further reductions in NH3
emissions and other PM precursors beyond
the 2030 requirements could alleviate some of the health
burden from fine particles and also reduce the
deposition of nitrogen to vulnerable ecosystems. Using the regional-scale EMEP/MSC-W model, we have studied the
effects of year 2030 NH3 emissions on PM2.5
concentrations and depositions
of nitrogen in Europe in light
of present (2017), past (2005), and future (2030) conditions. Our calculations
show that in Europe the formation of PM2.5 from NH3
to a large extent is limited by the ratio between the emissions
of NH3 on one hand and SOx plus NOx on
the other hand. As the ratio of
NH3 to SOx and NOx is increasing, the potential to
further curb PM2.5 levels through reductions
in NH3 emissions is decreasing.
Here we show that per gram of NH3 emissions mitigated,
the resulting reductions in PM2.5 levels simulated using 2030
emissions are about a factor of 2.6 lower than when 2005 emissions are used.
However, this ratio is lower in
winter. Thus further reductions in the NH3 emissions in winter
may have similar potential to SOx and NOx in
curbing PM2.5 levels in this season. Following the expected reductions of NH3 emission, depositions
of reduced nitrogen (NH3+NH4+) should also decrease
in Europe. However, as the reductions in NOx
emission are larger than for NH3, the fraction of total nitrogen
(reduced plus oxidised nitrogen) deposited as reduced nitrogen is
increasing and may exceed 60 % in most of Europe by 2030.
Thus the potential for future reductions in the exceedances of critical
loads for eutrophication in Europe will mainly rely on the ability to
reduce NH3 emissions.
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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