Mechanisms and effects of under-ice warming water in Ngoring Lake of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
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Published:2022-09-09
Issue:9
Volume:16
Page:3635-3648
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ISSN:1994-0424
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Container-title:The Cryosphere
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language:en
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Short-container-title:The Cryosphere
Author:
Wang Mengxiao, Wen LijuanORCID, Li ZhaoguoORCID, Leppäranta Matti, Stepanenko VictorORCID, Zhao Yixin, Niu Ruijia, Yang Liuyiyi, Kirillin GeorgiyORCID
Abstract
Abstract. The seasonal ice cover in lakes of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a
transient and vulnerable part of the cryosphere, whose characteristics
depend on the regional climate: strong solar radiation in the context of the
dry and cold environment because of the high altitude and relatively
low latitude. We use the first under-ice temperature observations from the
largest Tibetan freshwater lake, Ngoring Lake, and a one-dimensional lake model to
quantify the mechanism of solar thermal accumulation under ice, which relies
on the ice optical properties and weather conditions, as well as the effect
of the accumulated heat on the land–atmosphere heat exchange after the ice
breakup. The model was able to realistically simulate the feature of
the Ngoring Lake thermal regime: the “summer-like” temperature stratification
with temperatures exceeding the maximum density point of 3.98 ∘C
across the bulk of the freshwater column. A series of sensitivity experiments
revealed solar radiation was the major source of under-ice warming and
demonstrated that the warming phenomenon was highly sensitive to the optical
properties of ice. The heat accumulated under ice contributed to the heat
release from the lake to the atmosphere for 1–2 months after ice-off,
increasing the upward sensible and latent surface heat fluxes on average by
∼ 50 and ∼ 80 W m−2,
respectively. Therefore, the delayed effect of heat release on the
land–atmosphere interaction requires an adequate representation in regional
climate modeling of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and other lake-rich alpine
areas.
Funder
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation Chinese Academy of Sciences National Natural Science Foundation of China National Key Research and Development Program of China
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Earth-Surface Processes,Water Science and Technology
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