ForamEcoGEnIE 2.0: incorporating symbiosis and spine traits into a trait-based global planktic foraminiferal model

Abstract

Abstract. Planktic foraminifera are major marine calcifiers in the modern ocean, regulating the marine inorganic carbon pump, and generating marine fossil archives of past climate change. The foraminifera contain ecogroups with and without spines and algal symbionts, creating functional trait diversity which expands their ecological niches. Here, we incorporate symbiosis and spine traits into the symbiont-barren non-spinose foraminifer functional type in EcoGEnIE to represent all the extant foraminifera species. We calibrated the modelled new traits using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and identified the optimal model parameters from an ensemble of 1200 runs compared with global observations from core-top sediment samples, sediment traps, and plankton nets. The model successfully describes the global distribution and seasonal abundance variation of the four major foraminiferal functional groups. The model reproduces the dominance of the symbiont-obligate group in subtropical gyres and of the symbiont-barren types in the productive subpolar oceans. Global annual mean biomass and foraminifer-derived carbon export rate are correctly predicted compared to data, with biomass ranging from 0.001 to 0.010 mmol C m−3 and organic carbon export 0.002–0.031 mmol C m−2 d−1. The model captures the seasonal peak time of biomass and organic carbon export but struggles to reproduce the amplitude of both in productive areas. The sparseness and uneven distribution of observations and the model's limitation in upwelling regions likely contribute to this discrepancy. Our model overcomes the lack of major groups in the previous ForamEcoGEnIE 1.0 version and offers the potential to explore foraminiferal ecology dynamics and its impact on biogeochemistry in modern, future, and paleogeographic environments.