Seamless mapping of long-term (2010–2020) daily global XCO2 and XCH4 from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2), and CAMS global greenhouse gas reanalysis (CAMS-EGG4) with a spatiotemporally self-supervised fusion method

Abstract

Abstract. Precise and continuous monitoring of long-term carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) over the globe is of great importance, which can help study global warming and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. Nevertheless, the available observations of CO2 and CH4 from satellites are generally sparse, and current fusion methods to reconstruct their long-term values on a global scale are few. To address this problem, we propose a novel spatiotemporally self-supervised fusion method to establish long-term daily seamless XCO2 and XCH4 products from 2010 to 2020 over the globe on grids of 0.25∘. A total of three datasets are applied in our study, including the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2), and CAMS global greenhouse gas reanalysis (CAMS-EGG4). Attributed to the significant sparsity of data from GOSAT and OCO-2, the spatiotemporal discrete cosine transform is considered for our fusion task. Validation results show that the proposed method achieves a satisfactory accuracy, with standard deviations of bias (σ) of ∼1.18 ppm for XCO2 and 11.3 ppb for XCH4 against Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) measurements from 2010 to 2020. Meanwhile, the determination coefficients (R2) of XCO2 and XCH4 reach 0.91 or 0.95 (2010–2014 or 2015–2020) and 0.9 (2010–2020), respectively, after fusion. Overall, the performance of fused results distinctly exceeds that of CAMS-EGG4, which is also superior or close to those of GOSAT and OCO-2. In particular, our fusion method can effectively correct the large biases in CAMS-EGG4 due to the issues from assimilation data, such as the unadjusted anthropogenic emission inventories for COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020. Moreover, the fused results present coincident spatial patterns with GOSAT and OCO-2, which accurately display the long-term and seasonal changes in globally distributed XCO2 and XCH4. The daily global seamless gridded (0.25∘) XCO2 and XCH4 from 2010 to 2020 can be freely accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7388893 (Wang et al., 2022a).