Large and increasing methane emissions from eastern Amazonia derived from satellite data, 2010–2018
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Published:2021-07-14
Issue:13
Volume:21
Page:10643-10669
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Wilson ChrisORCID, Chipperfield Martyn P.ORCID, Gloor Manuel, Parker Robert J.ORCID, Boesch Hartmut, McNorton Joey, Gatti Luciana V.ORCID, Miller John B.ORCID, Basso Luana S., Monks Sarah A.
Abstract
Abstract. We use a global inverse model, satellite data and flask
measurements to estimate methane (CH4) emissions from South America,
Brazil and the basin of the Amazon River for the period 2010–2018. We
find that emissions from Brazil have risen during this period, most quickly
in the eastern Amazon basin, and that this is concurrent with increasing
surface temperatures in this region. Brazilian CH4 emissions rose from
49.8 ± 5.4 Tg yr−1 in 2010–2013 to 55.6 ± 5.2 Tg yr−1 in 2014–2017, with the wet season of December–March having
the largest positive trend in emissions. Amazon basin emissions grew from
41.7 ± 5.3 to 49.3 ± 5.1 Tg yr−1 during the
same period. We derive no significant trend in regional emissions from
fossil fuels during this period. We find that our posterior distribution of
emissions within South America is significantly and consistently changed
from our prior estimates, with the strongest emission sources being in the
far north of the continent and to the south and south-east of the Amazon
basin, at the mouth of the Amazon River and nearby marsh, swamp and mangrove
regions. We derive particularly large emissions during the wet season of
2013/14, when flooding was prevalent over larger regions than normal within
the Amazon basin. We compare our posterior CH4 mole fractions, derived
from posterior fluxes, to independent observations of CH4 mole fraction
taken at five lower- to mid-tropospheric vertical profiling sites over the
Amazon and find that our posterior fluxes outperform prior fluxes at all
locations. In particular the large emissions from the eastern Amazon basin
are shown to be in good agreement with independent observations made at
Santarém, a location which has long displayed higher mole fractions of
atmospheric CH4 in contrast with other basin locations. We show that a
bottom-up wetland flux model can match neither the variation in annual
fluxes nor the positive trend in emissions produced by the inversion. Our
results show that the Amazon alone was responsible for 24 ± 18 % of
the total global increase in CH4 flux during the study period, and it
may contribute further in future due to its sensitivity to temperature
changes.
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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