Modulation of the seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea ice extent by sea ice processes and feedbacks with the ocean and the atmosphere
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Published:2023-01-31
Issue:1
Volume:17
Page:407-425
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ISSN:1994-0424
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Container-title:The Cryosphere
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language:en
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Short-container-title:The Cryosphere
Author:
Goosse HuguesORCID, Allende Contador Sofia, Bitz Cecilia M., Blanchard-Wrigglesworth Edward, Eayrs ClareORCID, Fichefet Thierry, Himmich Kenza, Huot Pierre-Vincent, Klein François, Marchi SylvainORCID, Massonnet FrançoisORCID, Mezzina BiancaORCID, Pelletier CharlesORCID, Roach LettieORCID, Vancoppenolle MartinORCID, van Lipzig Nicole P. M.ORCID
Abstract
Abstract. The seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea ice extent is strongly asymmetric,
with a relatively slow increase after the summer minimum followed by a more
rapid decrease after the winter maximum. This cycle is intimately linked to
the seasonal cycle of the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere,
but sea ice processes as well as the exchanges with the atmosphere and ocean
may also play a role. To quantify these contributions, a series of idealized
sensitivity experiments have been performed with an eddy-permitting
(1/4∘) NEMO-LIM3 (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean–Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model version 3) Southern Ocean configuration, including a
representation of ice shelf cavities, in which the model was either driven
by an atmospheric reanalysis or coupled to the COSMO-CLM2 regional
atmospheric model. In those experiments, sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics
as well as the exchanges with the ocean and atmosphere are strongly
perturbed. This perturbation is achieved by modifying snow and ice thermal
conductivities, the vertical mixing in the ocean top layers, the effect of
freshwater uptake and release upon sea ice growth and melt, ice dynamics, and surface
albedo. We find that the evolution of sea ice extent during the ice advance
season is largely independent of the direct effect of the perturbation and
appears thus mainly controlled by initial state in summer and subsequent
insolation changes. In contrast, the melting rate varies strongly between
the experiments during the retreat, in particular if the surface albedo or
sea ice transport are modified, demonstrating a strong contribution of those
elements to the evolution of ice coverage through spring and summer. As with
the advance phase, the retreat is also influenced by conditions at the
beginning of the melt season in September. Atmospheric feedbacks enhance the
model winter ice extent response to any of the perturbed processes, and the
enhancement is strongest when the albedo is modified. The response of sea
ice volume and extent to changes in entrainment of subsurface warm waters to
the ocean surface is also greatly amplified by the coupling with the
atmosphere.
Funder
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Naval Research
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Earth-Surface Processes,Water Science and Technology
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