Modelling Lake Titicaca's daily and monthly evaporation
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Published:2019-02-06
Issue:2
Volume:23
Page:657-668
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ISSN:1607-7938
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Container-title:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.
Author:
Pillco Zolá RamiroORCID, Bengtsson Lars, Berndtsson Ronny, Martí-Cardona Belen, Satgé FredericORCID, Timouk Franck, Bonnet Marie-PauleORCID, Mollericon Luis, Gamarra Cesar, Pasapera José
Abstract
Abstract. Lake Titicaca is a crucial water resource in the central part of
the Andean mountain range, and it is one of the lakes most affected by climate
warming. Since surface evaporation explains most of the lake's
water losses, reliable estimates are paramount to the prediction of global
warming impacts on Lake Titicaca and to the region's water
resource planning and adaptation to climate change. Evaporation estimates
were done in the past at monthly time steps and using the four methods as
follows: water balance, heat balance, and the mass transfer and
Penman's equations. The obtained annual evaporation values
showed significant dispersion. This study used new, daily frequency
hydro-meteorological measurements. Evaporation losses were calculated
following the mentioned methods using both daily records and their monthly
averages to assess the impact of higher temporal resolution data in the
evaporation estimates. Changes in the lake heat storage needed for the heat
balance method were estimated based on the morning water surface temperature,
because convection during nights results in a well-mixed top layer every
morning over a constant temperature depth. We found that the most reliable
method for determining the annual lake evaporation was the heat balance
approach, although the Penman equation allows for an easier implementation based
on generally available meteorological parameters. The mean annual lake
evaporation was found to be 1700 mm year−1. This value is considered an
upper limit of the annual evaporation, since the main study period was
abnormally warm. The obtained upper limit lowers by 200 mm year−1, the
highest evaporation estimation obtained previously, thus reducing the
uncertainty in the actual value. Regarding the evaporation estimates using
daily and monthly averages, these resulted in minor differences for all
methodologies.
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
General Earth and Planetary Sciences,General Engineering,General Environmental Science
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