Variations in global zonal wind from 18 to 100 km due to solar activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2002–2019
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Published:2023-06-06
Issue:11
Volume:23
Page:6145-6167
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Liu XiaoORCID, Xu Jiyao, Yue JiaORCID, Andrioli Vania F.ORCID
Abstract
Abstract. Variations of global wind are important in changing the atmospheric structure and circulation, in coupling of atmospheric layers, and in influencing
the wave propagations. Due to the difficulty of directly measuring zonal
wind from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere, we derived a global
balance wind (BU) dataset from 50∘ S to 50∘ N and during
2002–2019 using the gradient wind theory and SABER temperatures and
modified by meteor radar observations at the Equator. The dataset captures
the main feature of global monthly mean zonal wind and can be used to study
the variations (i.e., annual, semi-annual, ter-annual, and linear) of zonal
wind and the responses of zonal wind to quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO),
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and solar activity (F10.7). The same procedure is performed on the MERRA-2 zonal wind (MerU) to validate BU and its responses below 70 km. The annual, semi-annual, and ter-annual oscillations of
BU and MerU have similar amplitudes and phases. The semi-annual oscillation
of BU has peaks around 80 km, which are stronger in the southern tropical
region and coincide with previous satellite observations. As the increasing
of the values representing QBO wind, both values of
representing BU and MerU (short for BU and MerU) change from increasing to
decreasing with the increasing height and extend from the Equator to higher
latitudes. Both BU and MerU increase with the increasing of the values of
multivariate ENSO index (MEI) and decrease with increasing F10.7 in the southern stratospheric polar jet region below 70 km. The responses of winds to ENSO and F10.7 exhibit
hemispheric asymmetry and are more significant in the southern polar jet
region. While above 70 km, BU increases with the increasing of MEI and
F10.7. The negative linear changes of BU at 50∘ N are absent in
MerU during October–January. The discussions on the possible influences of
the temporal intervals and sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) on the
variations and responses of BU illustrate the following: (1) the seasonal variations
and the responses to QBO are almost independent on the temporal intervals
selected; (2) the responses to ENSO and F10.7 are robust but slightly depend on the temporal intervals; (3) the linear changes of both BU and MerU depend strongly on the temporal intervals; (4) SSWs affect the magnitudes but do
not affect the hemispheric asymmetry of the variations and responses of BU
at least in the monthly mean sense. The variations and responses of global
zonal wind to various factors are based on BU, which is derived from
observations, and thus provide a good complement to model studies and
ground-based observations.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province Chinese Academy of Sciences National Key Research and Development Program of China
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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