Comparison of ocean heat content estimated using two eddy-resolving hindcast simulations based on OFES1 and OFES2
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Published:2022-02-07
Issue:3
Volume:15
Page:1129-1153
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ISSN:1991-9603
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Container-title:Geoscientific Model Development
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Geosci. Model Dev.
Author:
Liao Fanglou, Wang Xiao Hua, Liu ZhiqiangORCID
Abstract
Abstract. In this study, we have compared the ocean heat content
(OHC), estimated using two eddy-resolving hindcast simulations based on
Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator version 1 (OFES1)
and version 2 (OFES2). Results from a global objective analysis of
subsurface temperature (EN4) were taken as a reference. Both EN4 and OFES1
suggest that OHC has increased in most regions of the top 2000 m during
1960–2016, which is mainly associated with the deepening of neutral density
surfaces and variations along the neutral density surfaces of regional importance.
Upon comparing the results obtained from the two OFES hindcasts,
we found substantial differences in the temporal and spatial distributions
of the OHC, especially in the Atlantic Ocean. A basin-wide heat budget
analysis showed that there was less surface heating for the major basins in
OFES2. The horizontal heat advection was mostly similar; however,
OFES2 had a significantly stronger meridional heat advection associated with
the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) above 300 m. Additionally, large
discrepancies in the vertical heat advection were also evinced when the two
OFES results were compared, especially at a depth of 300 m in the Indian
Ocean. We inferred that there are large discrepancies in the vertical heat
diffusion (those that cannot be directly evaluated in this study due to data
unavailability), which, along with the different magnitudes of sea surface
heat flux and vertical heat advection, were the major factors responsible
for the examined differences in OHC. This work suggests that OFES1 provides
a reasonable multi-decadal estimate of global and basin-integrated warming
trends above 700 m, except for the top 300 m for the Pacific Ocean and
between 300–700 m for the Indian Ocean. Although the estimates of the global
OHC during 1960–2016 are consistent with observations between 700–2000 m,
caution is warranted while examining the basin-wide multi-decadal OHC
variations using OFES1. The seemingly suboptimal OHC estimate based on
OFES2 suggests that any conclusions on long-term climate variations derived
from OFES2 might suffer from large drifts, necessitating audits.
Funder
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
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