Estimating nitrogen and sulfur deposition across China during 2005 to 2020 based on multiple statistical models
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Published:2023-08-02
Issue:15
Volume:23
Page:8531-8551
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Zhou Kaiyue, Xu WenORCID, Zhang Lin, Ma Mingrui, Liu Xuejun, Zhao Yu
Abstract
Abstract. Due to the rapid development of industrialization and a substantial economy,
China has become one of the global hotspots of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S)
deposition following Europe and the USA. Here, we developed a dataset with
full coverage of N and S deposition from 2005 to 2020, with multiple
statistical models that combine ground-level observations, chemistry
transport simulations, satellite-derived vertical columns, and
meteorological and geographic variables. Based on the newly developed random
forest method, the multi-year averages of dry deposition of oxidized
nitrogen (OXN), reduced nitrogen (RDN), and S in China were estimated at
10.4, 14.4, and 16.7 kg N/S ha−1 yr−1, and the analogous numbers
for total deposition were respectively 15.2, 20.2, and 25.9 kg N/S ha−1 yr−1 when wet deposition estimated previously with a generalized
additive model (GAM) was included. The dry to wet deposition ratio
(Rdry/wet) of N stabilized in earlier years and then gradually increased
especially for RDN, while that of S declined for over 10 years and then
slightly increased. The RDN to OXN deposition ratio (RRDN/OXN) was
estimated to be larger than 1 for the whole research period and clearly
larger than that of the USA and Europe, with a continuous decline from 2005 to 2011 and a more prominent rebound afterwards. Compared with the USA and
Europe, a more prominent lagging response of OXN and S deposition to
precursor emission abatement was found in China. The OXN dry deposition
presented a descending gradient from east to west, while the S dry
deposition a descending gradient from north to south. After 2012, the OXN
and S deposition in eastern China declined faster than the west,
attributable to stricter emission controls. Positive correlation was found
between regional deposition and emissions, while smaller deposition to
emission ratios (D/E) existed in developed eastern China, attributed to more
intensive human activities and thereby anthropogenic emissions.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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