Atmospheric measurements of ratios between CO₂ and co-emitted species from traffic: a tunnel study in the Paris megacity

Abstract

Abstract. Measurements of CO2, CO, NOx and selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) concentrations have been performed continuously during ten days in the Guy Môquet tunnel in Thiais, in a peri-urban area about 15 km south from the centre of Paris, between 28 September and 8 October 2012. This dataset is used here to identify the characteristics of traffic-emitted CO2 by evaluating its ratios to co-emitted species, for the first time in the Paris region. High coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.7) are observed between CO2 and some compounds which are characteristic of the traffic source (CO, NOx, benzene, xylenes and acetylene). Weak correlations (r2 < 0.2) are found with species such as propane, n-butane, i-butane, that are associated with fuel evaporation, an insignificant source for CO2. To better characterize the traffic signal, we focus only on species that are well correlated with CO2 and rush hour periods characterized by the highest traffic-related concentrations. To those concentrations, we remove the nighttime averaged weekday concentration obtained for each species that we infer to be the most appropriate background signal for our study. Then, we calculate observed Δspecies ΔCO2 ratios that we compare with the ones provided by the 2010 bottom-up high resolved regional emission inventory from Airparif, the association in charge of monitoring the air quality in Île-de-France, focusing on local emission data for the specific road of the tunnel. We find an excellent agreement (2%) between the local inventory emission CO/CO2 ratio with our observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratio. Former tunnel experiments carried out elsewhere in the world provided observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratios that differ from 49% to 592% to ours. This variability can be related to technological improvement of vehicles, differences in driving conditions and fleet compositions. We also find a satisfactory agreement with the Airparif inventory for n-propylbenzene, n-pentane and xylenes to CO2 ratios. For most of the other species, the ratios obtained from the local emission inventory overestimate the observed ratios to CO2, by 36% to more than 300%. However, the emission ratios of NOx, o-xylene and i-pentane are underestimated by 39% to 79%. One main cause of such high differences between the inventory and our observations is likely the obsolete feature of the VOCs speciation matrix of the inventory that was not updated since 1998, although law regulations on some VOCs occurred since that time. Our study bears important consequences for the characterisation of the urban CO2 plume and for atmospheric inverse modelling of urban CO2 emissions that are discussed in the conclusion.