Optimization of Javanese Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) extract nanoparticles as an aphrodisiac preparation

Abstract

Piper retrofractum Vahl contains piperine compounds that, once extracted, have the disadvantages of low solubility and bioavailability. The enhanced solubility will significantly impact the absorption of medications in the body, resulting in rapid and noticeable results. Nanoparticle technology was developed to overcome this problem. The research aims to obtain optimum conditions for synthesizing Javanese long pepper extract nanoparticles under optimal particle size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and piperine content. The research employed the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method utilizing Central Composite Design (CCD) with a ratio factor of chitosan:STTP and the stirring speed. The utilization of RSM facilitated the optimization of nanoparticle manufacturing by considering various treatment parameters. RMS was selected due to its relevance as a tool for optimizing the manufacturing process of nanoparticles. The RMS result represents the optimal state of the nanoparticle manufacturing process, effectively addressing the study objectives. The research findings indicated that the most favorable circumstances for producing nanoparticles from Javanese long pepper extract were achieved with a chitosan:STTP ratio of 3,241:1 and a stirring speed of 826,133 rpm. The nanoparticles were obtained under these specific conditions, resulting in an optimal particle size of 33,884 nm, an optimal Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.675, and an optimal piperine content of 26,936%. This research provides valuable insights for the community and the pharmaceutical/herbal sector regarding using piperine compounds as therapeutic substances. Specifically, it highlights their potential to enhance bioavailability and absorption in the body.