Author:
Ravi ,Putri Elsa Eka,Jayaprakash ,Hamidi Masyhuri
Abstract
Ecosystem services are fundamental life-supporting services, which are essential for existence of life on this earth. Even though these services are complex and interdependent on each other, it is always considered as Free Services. Human beings are considered these services as “take it for granted, seemingly infinite and free” - like air purification, water cleaning, maintaining quantity of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Sulphur, Water Cycle, balancing ambient temperature and providing fertility to soil for producing food. However, humans are less aware of the other ecosystems services provided by nature: viz pollination, dispersal of seeds, climate stabilization, flood protection, erosion prevention, decomposition, detoxification, maintenance of biodiversity, control of agricultural pests, and carbon sequestration etc.
Reference8 articles.
1. Alig Ralph J., Adams Darius M., McCarl Bruce A.. “Ecological and Economic impacts of forest policies: interactions across forestry and agriculture.” Ecological Economics 63–78 (1998)
2. Economic Valuation of Hubli- Dharwad Lakes, Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI).
3. Howarth Richard B. and Farber Stephen. “Accounting for the value of ecosystem services.” Ecological Economics 421–429 (2002).
4. Kahn James R. The Economic Approach to Environmental and Natural Resources. The Dryden Press. Orlando, pp. 88–106 (1998)
5. Kerry Turner R., Stavros Georgiou, Brendan Fisher Valuing Ecosystem Services the Case of Multifunctional Wetlands, London: Earthscan (2008)