Study of Carbon Emissions in the Use of Fossil and Renewable Energy to Respond to the Urgency of a Sustainable Energy Transition in Indonesia’s Group of Twenty (G20) Presidency: A Short Communication

Abstract

The energy industry is responsible for about 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on a worldwide scale, making it the primary contributor to climate change. The Group of Twenty (G20) members are making substantial endeavors to accomplish a sustainable energy transition primarily due to the imperative of addressing climate change. The observable consequences of global climate change on many aspects of life include the disappearance of ice in the Arctic, the increase in sea levels, and the persistence of extended periods of drought. The use of renewable energy sources in power production systems has been shown to significantly mitigate carbon emissions during their whole life cycle. The most significant decrease in carbon emissions during the whole life cycle, transitioning from coal to wind, amounts to 87.32% (≈851.6 g CO2 per kWh). The Indonesian government expresses optimism over its ability to achieve a state of net-zero emissions by the year 2060, accompanied by a renewable energy mix of 23% by 2025. In conclusion, Indonesia is poised to make a significant contribution towards the shift from fossil-based energy sources to renewable alternatives, ultimately striving to attain sustained net zero emissions.