Total maximum daily loads of beton reservoir, Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia during the rainy season

Abstract

A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is an integrated mechanism to maintain water body to meet the water quality standards of its designated uses. This research was intended to determine the TMDL of Beton Reservoir, a structure built to regulate the water discharge of Beton karst spring in Gunungkidul, Indonesia, especially during the rainy season. The TMDL calculation referred to the Regulation of the Minister of State for Environment No. 28 of 2009 on TMDLs of Lakes and/or Reservoirs that required a calculation of morphological and hydrological characteristics, and water quality to meet Class II standard issued in the Regulation of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta No. 20 of 2008. The results showed that Beton Reservoir had a total volume of 22 586.83 m3, a surface area of 18 673.12 m2, and a depth of averagely 1.21 m and released water at a rate of 0.48 m3 s–1. From the perspective of quality, the TSS and DO of its water had exceeded the standards, whereas the other parameters: temperature, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, total PO4, and NO3 were within their allowable presence in the water. Based on TMDLs for TSS, DO, BOD, COD, total PO4, and NO3, the Beton Reservoir can no longer accommodate TSS and NO3 while continuing to meet the standards for these pollutants. High levels of TSS and NO3 are attributable to the agricultural activities taking place on the catchment and the flow concentration typical of karst regions.