Water Cycle Algorithm Tuned Cascade Controller for the Frequency Control of a Nonlinear Hydrothermal Power System with PEV Integration

Abstract

In this paper, a new cascade (C) fractional order (FO) proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and proportional-integral (PI) (CFOPID-PI) controller is designed based on the optimization technique of the water cycle algorithm (WCA) for the frequency regulation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) integrated dual area non-linear hydrothermal (DANLHT) system. The PEVs integrated DANLHT system has two areas: thermal, hydro, and PEVs integration, and the system dynamic analysis is initiated for the step load disturbance (SLD) of 10% in area 1. However, the performance efficacy of the proposed CFOPID-PI controller is demonstrated by the performances of other reported controllers in the literature. Further, the impact of considering the PEV integration on the performance of the DANLHT system is showcased. Furthermore, the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) line is enacted as the tie-line with the PEVs integrated DANLHT system to obtain an improvement in system dynamical behavior. Simulation analysis revealed an enhancement in system performance with the deployment of the HVDC line as the tie-line with the PEVs integrated DANLHT system.