New-generation dust emission templates for star-forming galaxies

Abstract

Context. The infrared (IR) emission of dust heated by stars provides critical information for galaxy evolution studies. Unfortunately, observations are often limited to the mid-IR, making templates a necessity. Previously published templates were based on small samples of luminous galaxies, which are not necessarily representative of normal star-forming galaxies. Aims. We constructed new-generation dust templates, including instrument-specific relations and software tools that facilitate the estimation of the total IR (TIR) luminosity as well as obscured and unobscured star formation rate (SFR) based on one or several fluxes up to z = 4. For the first time, the templates include a dependence on both TIR luminosity and the specific SFR (sSFR), thereby increasing their reliability and utility for a wide range of galaxies. We also provide formulae for calculating TIR luminosities and SFR from JWST F2100W observations at 0 < z ≲ 2. Methods. Our templates are based on 2584 normal star-forming galaxies spanning a wide range of stellar mass and sSFR, including sSFRs typical at higher redshifts. IR spectra and properties were obtained using CIGALE and the physically motivated Draine & Li (2007, ApJ, 657, 810) dust models. The photometry from the GALEX-SDSS-WISE Legacy Catalog was supplemented with 2MASS and Herschel-ATLAS, up to 19 bands from FUV to 500 μm. Results. The shape of the dust spectrum varies with TIR luminosity, but also independently with sSFR. Remarkably precise estimates of the dust luminosity are possible with a single band over the rest-frame 12−17 μm and 55−130 μm. We validate single-band estimates on diverse populations, including local luminous IR galaxies, and find no significant systematic errors. Using two or more bands simultaneously yields the unbiased estimation of the TIR luminosity, even of star-forming dwarfs. Conclusions. We obtain fresh insights regarding the interplay between monochromatic IR luminosities, spectral shapes, and physical properties, and we constructed new templates and estimators of the dust luminosity and SFR. We provide software for generating templates and estimating these quantities based on 1−4 bands from WISE, JWST, Spitzer, and Herschel, up to z = 4.