The powerful lens galaxy cluster PLCK G287.0+32.9 (θE ∼ 43″)

Abstract

Aims. We present a new high-precision strong-lensing model of PLCK G287.0+32.9, a massive lens galaxy cluster at z = 0.383, with the aim of obtaining an accurate estimation of its effective Einstein radius and total mass distribution. We also present a spectroscopic catalog containing accurate redshift measurements for close to 500 objects up to redshift z = 6, including multiply lensed sources and cluster member galaxies. Methods. We exploited high-quality spectroscopic data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), covering a central 3 arcmin2 region of the cluster. We supplemented the spectroscopic catalog by including redshift measurements from VIsible MultiObject Spectrograph (VIMOS) and DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS). We identified 129 spectroscopic cluster member galaxies with redshift values of 0.360 ≤ z ≤ 0.405, and mF160W ≤ 21. We complemented this galaxy cluster member sample with 24 photometric members identified with a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach. We also identified 114 multiple images from 28 background sources, of which 84 images from 16 sources are new and the remaining ones have already been identified in previous works. From these, we extracted “golden sample” of 47 secure multiple images and used them, together with the selected cluster member, to build and optimize several strong-lensing models with the software lenstool. Results. The best-fitting lens model shows a root mean square (RMS) separation value between the predicted and observed positions of the multiple images of 0.″75. Using its predictive power, we found three new multiple images and we confirm the configuration of three systems of multiple images that were not used for the optimization of the model. For a source at a redshift of zs = 2, we found a cluster with an Einstein radius of θE = 43.4″ ± 0.1″. This value is in agreement with previous estimates and corresponds to a total mass enclosed in the critical curve of ME = 3.33−0.07+0.02 × 1014 M⊙. Conclusions. The combined application of ancillary Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, VIMOS and DEIMOS data, and the new MUSE spectroscopic observations allowed us to build a new lens model of the galaxy cluster PLCK G287.0+32.9, with an improvement in terms of reconstructing the observed positions of the multiple images of a factor of 2.5 with respect to previous models. The derived total mass distribution confirms this cluster to be a very prominent gravitational lens, with an effective Einstein radius of θE ∼ 43″. We were also able to construct an extensive spectroscopic catalog containing 490 objects, of which 153 are bright cluster members with mF160W ≤ 21, and 114 are multiple images.