A mathematical model to restrain pneumonia spread in children under five years considering nutritional status, household air pollution, vaccination, and health monitoring

Abstract

Currently, pneumonia remains the leading cause of mortality among children under the age of five worldwide. According to UNICEF data, children continue to lose their lives due to pneumonia. In addition, malnutrition and air pollution have been identified as major factors contributing to the spread of pneumonia among children. This study aims to develop a mathematical model to analyze the spread of pneumonia among toddlers, considering the impacts of nutrition and air pollution. The study’s outcome includes a theorem concerning the stability of fixed points, which can serve as a foundation for controlling the transmission of pneumonia among children under five years of age. Furthermore, simulations demonstrate the potential impact of vaccination, treatment, and health monitoring in mitigating the spread of pneumonia among this age group.