Abstract
Field observations and seismic interpretations testify that the front of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt is still submitted to compressive deformation, but whether the basement is deforming (thick-skinned) or not (thin-skinned) is an active question. We propose a mechanical point of view using the Kinematic approach of the Limit Analysis theory (KLA). We first draw cross-sections containing a major shallow décollement level in the Triassic evaporites, including the Alps up to the topographic maximum and including the whole crust. We submit the cross-sections to a compressive force at their southern end, and the KLA determines the location and geometry of the incipient ruptures by optimisation of the associated compressive force, accounting for force balance and for the rock strength (Coulomb criterion). Five cross-sections span the whole Jura from west to east, allowing us to explore the lateral variations. From the analysis of 500 simulations (100 for each cross-section), varying the friction angles of the Triassic décollement and of the lower crust between 1° and 10°, we have identified five types of tectonics at the Jura front depending on the emergence of a basement thrust beyond the Jura front (type 1), at the Jura front (type 2) with simultaneous activation of the shallow décollement (type 3), or south of the Jura front (type 5), with activation of the shallow décollement at the Jura front (type 4). The analysis allows us to draw two conclusions. First, the transitions between the various tectonic styles occur abruptly upon continuous changes in the friction parameters, revealing a threshold behaviour that we interpret as an extension of the concept of wedge criticality in the Critical Coulomb Wedge theory: at criticality, several tectonic types may occur within a narrow, critical range of parameter values. Second, the critical range evolves systematically between cross-sections, in such a way that the front of the thick-skinned deformation crosses laterally the Jura belt. The two most western cross-sections exhibit only thin-skinned or no tectonics at the Jura front (types 1, 4 and 5), the central one hosts all five styles, and the two Eastern ones show thick-skinned solutions (types 1, 2 and 3), for all values tested. We also show that a thick-skinned tectonic style can be accompanied by a simultaneous activation of the shallow Triassic décollement (type 4), complicating the interpretation of apparent thin-skinned field structures. Overall, our simulations yield tectonic styles compatible with natural seismicity and GPS data for values of the lower-crust friction angle below 3 to 7°. Modifications of our cross-sections to explore the effect of a bumpy upper/lower crust interface, or of a major décollement at the upper/lower crust interface, or of higher cohesion values, show that the numerical outcomes are rather robust. They only slightly modify the critical ranges at which the tectonic changes occur. These findings may serve as guides, or first order questions, for more sophisticated mechanical approaches including temperature and rate-dependent rheologies and the three dimensions of space that are necessary to capture the competition between compressive and strike-slip tectonic modes.