1. Nharas and Morenas Horras: A Luso-African Model for the Social History of the Spanish Caribbean, c. 1570-1640
2. The entry in the passenger list is in Contratación 5536, libro 1, fol. 398 (October 1514), AGI, and reads: “Este dia se registraron Juan Guillen, vecino desta ciudad de Sevilla, y Maria de Malaver, su mujer, y a Isabel Malaver, Marina Nuñez Giron, Beatriz Giron, Maria Malaver, Catalina Guillen Giron, Lucia Giron, Eufrasia Malaver y Juan Guillen Giron, sus hijas e hijo. Leonor Rodriguez Toledana y Juana, hija de Pedro Sanchez de Alcala, vecino de Coria que es tierra de Sevilla, Garcia Alonso, marido de Teresa Alonso, vecino de Utrera, Antonio Catalan.” Presumably these last arecriados(servants or retainers) who were included in Guillén’s license, a common practice. Note that Guillén’s wife and daughters are not listed with the honorific titledoña, which, if somewhat more commonly used than the corresponding male titledon, nonetheless still was relatively rare in this period. In Guzmán’s petitions and deposition in both Santo Domingo 77 and Justicia 1003, AGI, however, they were called doña, suggesting that a certain slippage in the strict peninsular limits on the title’s usage already was under way in the Indies. None of these documents mentions Guillén’s son. A royalcédula(ordinance) of 1518 promised Guillén the nextregimiento(position of town councilman) that became vacant in the Santo Domingo city council: Indiferente General 419, libro 7, fol. 774v, AGI. The termrepartimientohad varied meanings in early Spanish America; in these years it often was used synonymously withencomienda. In this case it referred to the effort to distribute and in many cases reassign the Indians still under Spanish control to Spaniards who had some claims to Indian labor. Though the more substantial assignments were made in terms of a cacique and his people, many European residents received only very small numbers ofnaborías(servants), who very likely were not natives of Hispaniola but rather were brought to the island as a result of Spanish slave raiding elsewhere. On the ambiguities of the termnaboríain the early Spanish Caribbean, seeLuis Arranz Márquez,Emigración española a Indias: Poblamiento y despoblación antillanos(Santo Domingo, D.R.,1979),29–33.