1. Spain and America: the Atlantic trade, 1492–1720
2. For the role of two natural commodities—salt and timber—in state building, seeDavid Goodman,Spanish Naval Power, 1589–1665: Reconstruction and Defeat(Cambridge,1997), esp. 52–53. Goodman considers the relationship between forest conservation and the construction of the Spanish naval fleet in the late sixteenth century a noteworthy parallel case of royal interest in environmental custodianship running into local resistance and other difficulties. Ibid., 68–108. He discusses the role that the salt tax played in funding the Spanish naval fleet in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the controversies that arose over attempts to raise this duty. Salt had long been considered part of the Castillian monarch's patrimony (realengo, meaning royal jurisdiction), but just what natural resources fell under this category was often disputed, as royal claims frequently conflicted with long-standing custom. For more on salt and the Castillian understandings of crown patrimony, seeMaría Rosario Porres Marijuán,Las Reales Salinas de Añana (siglos X–XIX)(Bilbao, Spain,2007). Onrealengo, seeColin M. MacLachlan,Spain's Empire in the New World: The Role of Ideas in Institutional and Social Change(Berkeley, Calif.,1988),15–18.