Impact Resistance Enhancement of GLARE Composite Laminates Reinforced with Shape Memory Alloy Wires

Abstract

This study investigates the impact resistance of Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE) composite laminates by incorporating shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The influence of varying percentages of pre-strain (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) on the SMA wires embedded in the GLARE composites was examined. Laminate composites were made by hand lay-up method using 1100 series aluminum, glass laminate, epoxy resin, and nitinol wire. Impact testing was carried out using the Charpy (un-notched) method. The results demonstrate that the presence of SMA wires significantly enhances the impact resistance of the laminates. The energy absorption capacity of the laminates was found to increase with increasing pre-strain percentage. The highest impact resistance was observed in the specimens with 3% pre-strain, which exhibited a 35.2% increase in energy absorption compared to the specimens without SMA wires. However, a further increase in pre-strain to 5% resulted in a 21.5% decrease in energy absorption due to the higher fraction of stress-induced martensite, limiting the shape memory effect. Additionally, the damage analysis revealed that the absence of SMA wires led to severe debonding and delamination in the GLARE laminates. Conversely, specimens with 3% pre-strain exhibited the least damage, with limited debonding observed only in the front interface of the aluminum and epoxy-laminated fiberglass layers. The higher damage resistance of these specimens is attributed to their optimal energy absorption capability. Based on the findings, it is recommended to further investigate alternative shape memory alloy materials to determine their impact resistance enhancement potential compared to the current SMA wires. Additionally, conducting experiments with pre-strain percentages in the range of 3-5% would provide a better understanding of the maximum achievable performance. Furthermore, microscale observations should be conducted to gain more detailed insights into the damage mechanisms of the tested specimens.