Structural Order-Disorder Analysis of Thermally-Activated Water-Washed Kaolin Particles Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

During the calcination of kaolin particles, kaolinite is thermally activated at high temperatures, causing the crystal structure to collapse and yielding amorphous metakaolinite through dehydroxylation. This metakaolinite is used as a supplementary cementitious material, and one of the most important factors influencing the pozzolanic properties is calcination conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has become useful in distinguishing and obtaining information about structural order-disorder and phase transformation following the calcination process. In this study, water-washed kaolin particles were thermally activated at elevated temperatures ranging from 600 to 800 °C for 3–4 h at a rate of 10 °C/min before being analyzed with FTIR to determine the optimum conditions for calcining kaolin particles by examining functional groups, and also to study structural order-disorder or crystallinity of calcined kaolin particles. The most reactive metakaolinite state of water-washed kaolin particles was achieved after 3 h of calcination at 800 °C. Using both empirical and numerical approaches, variations in the position and relative intensity of O-H stretching and deformation of hydroxyl groups in the infrared spectrum can be used to classify the degree of structural order of water-washed kaolin particles. By increasing the calcination temperatures and period, the well-ordered and partially-ordered structures of kaolin particles were transformed into well-ordered, partially-ordered, and poorly-ordered structures. These structural disorder and crystallinity have a significant impact on pozzolanic activity because well-ordered kaolinite can be transformed into less reactive metakaolinite, whereas poorly-ordered kaolinite with high defects can be transformed into more reactive metakaolinite. However, in this study, the structure of water-washed kaolin particles that achieved complete dehydroxylation was discovered to be partially-ordered to poorly-ordered and can be transformed into highly reactive pozzolans.