Transformation of implementations of a person's ability to work

Abstract

The relevance of the solution to the problem of sustainable development is due to the current situation in the entire world economy, the aggravation of socioeconomic contradictions. The aim of this study is to gain an idea of the transformation trends in the main implementations of a person's ability to work in Russia. The author justifies the need to expand opportunities in the system of labour relations for a gradual and sustainable transition from labour as a need to work as a self-realization of the employed. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) The employed can be roughly equally divided into two groups in terms of the role of labour (labour as selfrealisation and labour as necessity). (2) It should be assumed that the implementation of a person's ability to work by representatives of each of these groups can be carried out in the form of wage and non-wage labour. (3) The desired trend is to create the conditions for expanding the possibilities of a gradual transition from labour as a necessity to labour as a self-realisation of those employed in each of these two forms. (4) The processes that take place in each of the forms differ in their results. (5) It is necessary to purposefully develop the national training system for professional workers of various levels of complexity and qualifications. (6) Entrepreneurial activity is not an exclusive economic activity. It can be considered both as a condition for personal self-realisation and as a necessary activity for a person. (7) Self-employment cannot be attributed only to non-wage labour. When analysing employment, it is necessary to take into account the heterogeneity of the group of the self-employed: the hired self-employed, the moonlighting self-employed, etc. The structure of self-employment at the macro-level and in Tomsk Oblast is approximately the same. (8) The trend for secondary employment should be its steady decline. Secondary employment itself contradicts the perception of labour as a condition for a person's self-realisation. The existing official data confirm the emerging trend towards its decline. (9) The presence of informal employment and its scale make it possible to judge about the degree of equality of opportunities for self-realisation through labour. (10) There is a significant reserve of labour, which needs to be more effectively and efficiently managed using one of the forms of implementing the ability to work (wage and non-wage labour). The highest level of underutilisation of the labour force is characteristic of the age group 15-24. One in four has no conditions for implementing their ability to work to the fullest. This group includes graduates of higher and secondary special educational institutions. The underutilisation rate of labour ability among women is higher compared to men. For all age groups in rural areas, the underemployment rate is higher than in urban areas.