1. 1) Shimizu, M., Suzuki, T., Kato, S., Kojima, Y., Yashiro, K. and Asakura, T.: "Historical Damages of Tunnels in Japan and Case Studies of Damaged Railway Tunnels in the Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquakes," ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2007, Prague, Czech Rep., May 2007.