1. Departments of Neurological Surgery and
2. Orthopaedic Surgery,
3. Center for Population Health Informatics, Institute for Informatics,
4. Division of Computational and Data Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri;
5. Paediatric and Adult Spine Surgery, Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical Center, Denver, Colorado;
6. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
7. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
8. Department of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina