Facet joint opening in lumbar degenerative diseases indicating segmental instability

Abstract

ObjectThe objective of this study was, using a novel intraoperative measurement (IOM) system, to test the hypothesis that an increased facet joint volume is evidence of spinal instability.MethodsIn 29 patients (male/female ratio 13:16; mean age 67.5 years, range 43–80 years)—17 with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) of the lumbar spine (Group DS) and 12 with canal stenosis (CS) of the lumbar spine (Group CS)—DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) data derived from CT scans were transferred to a workstation. A 3D model of facet joint spaces was reconstructed and the average volume of the bilateral facets was calculated. Segmental properties—stiffness, absorption energy (AE), and neutral zone (NZ)—were measured using an IOM system, and values were compared between groups. Linear regression analyses were performed among biomechanical parameters and average volumes.ResultsStiffness and AE did not differ significantly between groups. The NZ was significantly greater in Group DS than in Group CS (p < 0.05) and significantly positively correlated with the average volume (R2= 0.141, p < 0.05). Stiffness tended to negatively correlate with average volume. Absorption energy did not correlate with average volume.ConclusionsBiomechanical analyses using the IOM system verified that an increased facet joint volume is evidence of spinal instability, represented by NZ, in the degenerative lumbar spine.