Release of glutamate and of free fatty acids in vasogenic brain edema

Abstract

✓ The pathophysiological potential of mediator substances in manifestations of secondary brain damage is attracting increased attention. This is particularly true of the excitatory transmitters glutamate and arachidonic acid. Noxious properties of these compounds in central nervous tissue have been demonstrated. The current study was performed to determine whether glutamate and arachidonate are released in brain tissue secondary to focal trauma. For this purpose, a cold injury of exposed cerebral cortex was induced in cats. Marked accumulation of glutamate was observed in interstitially drained edema fluid, reaching 10 to 15 times the level that was assessed in normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to trauma. The extracellular release of glutamate was further dramatically enhanced by a critical decrease of the cerebral perfusion pressure due to a malignant increase of intracranial pressure. Under these conditions, glutamate concentrations 1000 to 1500 times normal levels accumulated in vasogenic edema fluid, demonstrating a relationship between the extent of the release of glutamate in damaged brain and the severity of the insult. Although under normal conditions glutamate concentrations in plasma were considerably higher than in the interstitial fluid, the pronounced increase of glutamate in this compartment due to trauma cannot be explained by transport of the compound together with the plasma-like edema from the intravascular space. Corresponding findings were obtained for free fatty acid concentrations in edema fluid. Almost all fatty acids that were studied had a significantly higher concentration in edema fluid than in normal CSF obtained as a control prior to trauma. However, contrary to the findings for glutamate, fatty acid concentrations in edema fluid were lower than in plasma. Accumulation of fatty acids in vasogenic edema fluid might, therefore, have resulted from uptake of the material together with edema fluid through the breached blood-brain barrier. Arachidonic acid was an exception. Its concentrations were significantly higher in edema fluid than in plasma, suggesting that it was released from cerebral parenchyma as the underlying mechanism of its extracellular accumulation. The current observations provide further support for a mediator function of glutamate and arachidonic acid in acute traumatic lesions of the brain. Quantitative assessment of the release of highly active mediator substances in brain tissue may facilitate analysis of the therapeutic efficiency of specific treatment aimed at interfering with the release or pathological function of mediators of secondary brain damage.