Functional impact of multiple bleeding events in patients with conservatively treated spinal cavernous malformations

Abstract

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the functional outcome in spinal cavernous malformation (SCM) patients with single or multiple intramedullary hemorrhagic events. METHODS SCM patients who were conservatively treated between 2003 and 2021 and had complete clinical baseline characteristics, an MRI data set, at least one SCM-related intramedullary hemorrhage (IMH), and at least one follow-up examination were included in this study. Functional status was assessed using the modified McCormick Scale score at diagnosis, before and after each bleeding event, and at the last follow-up. RESULTS A total of 45 patients were analyzed. Univariate analysis identified multiple bleeding events as the only statistically significant predictor for an unfavorable functional outcome at the last follow-up (OR 15.28, 95% CI 3.22–72.47; p < 0.001). Patients significantly deteriorated after the first hemorrhage (29.0%, p = 0.006) and even more so after the second hemorrhage (84.6%, p = 0.002). Multiple bleeding events were significantly associated with functional deterioration at the last follow-up (76.9%, p = 0.003). The time between the last IMH and the last follow-up did not influence this outcome. CONCLUSIONS IMH due to SCM is linked to functional worsening. Such outcomes tend to improve after each hemorrhage, but the probability of full recovery declines with each bleeding event.