Demonstration of uneven distribution of intracranial pulsatility in hydrocephalus patients

Abstract

Object Data from intracranial pressure (ICP) recordings in patients with hydrocephalus were reviewed to determine whether intracranial pulsatility within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cerebral ventricles (ICPLV) may differ from that within the brain parenchyma (ICPPAR), and whether pulsatility may differ between noncommunicating ventricles. Methods The authors retrieved data from recordings previously obtained in 7 patients with hydrocephalus (noncommunicating in 4 and communicating in 3) and shunt failure who received both an external ventricular drainage (EVD) and an ICP sensor as part of surveillance during intensive care. Simultaneous ICPLV and ICPPAR signals were available in 6 cases, and simultaneous signals from the lateral and fourth ventricles (ICPLV and ICP4V, respectively) were recorded in 1 case. The recordings with both signals were parsed into 6-second time windows. Pulsatility was characterized by the wave amplitude and rise time coefficient, and differences in pulsatility between the ICPLV and ICPPAR signals (6 cases) or ICPLV and ICP4V signals (1 case) were determined. Results There was uneven distribution of intracranial pulsatility in all 7 patients, shown as significantly elevated pulsatility (that is, higher wave amplitudes and rise time coefficients) within the ventricles (ICPLV) than within brain parenchyma (ICPPAR) in 6 patients, and significantly higher pulsatility in the fourth (ICP4V) than in the lateral (ICPLV) ventricles in 1 patient. Differences ≥1 mm Hg in ICP wave amplitude were found in 0.5–100% (median 9.4%) of observations in the 7 patients (total number of 6-second time windows, 68,242). Conclusions The present observations demonstrate uneven distribution of intracranial pulsatility in patients with hydrocephalus, higher pulse pressure amplitudes within the ventricular CSF (ICPLV) than within the brain parenchyma (ICPPAR). This may be one mechanism behind ventricular enlargement in hydrocephalus.