Use of intraoperative topical antibiotics to reduce intrathecal baclofen pump surgical site infections: a single institution’s experience over 24 years

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Patients requiring intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy are at high risk for surgical site infections (SSIs) given their poor functional status. After years of a nominal infection rate, there was an inexplicable increase in ITB pump infections at the authors’ institution and multiple investigations offered no solution. Use of intraoperative topical antibiotics is well-documented in the orthopedic literature and was considered for ITB pump insertion. In this study, the authors investigated whether intraoperative vancomycin and tobramycin powder at the ITB pump site could reduce SSIs. METHODS Operative and infection data were collected and analyzed retrospectively to determine the efficacy of this change. Patients were stratified into three cohorts (1998–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2021) to better understand the trends before and after implementation of intraoperative topical antibiotics. Each cohort had similar demographics. RESULTS One hundred fifty-four patients underwent 272 ITB pump procedures between 1998 and 2021 (131 in 1998–2009, 49 in 2010–2012, and 92 in 2013–2021) for cerebral palsy (69.5%), spastic quadriparesis due to traumatic brain injury (7.1%), anoxic brain injury (6.5%), and other causes (16.9%). Infection rates were reduced from a high of 32% in 2010–2011 to 3.8% over the last 2.5 years (p = 0.0094). There were no adverse effects from the use of topical antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of an intractable rise in ITB pump infections, the addition of intraoperative topical antibiotics significantly reduced postoperative infections in a high-risk population. One could appreciate a significant drop each year in the rate of infections after the institution of intraoperative topical antibiotics. The reduction in SSIs significantly improved the long-term outcomes for these patients.