Risk factors for shunt malfunction in pediatric hydrocephalus: a multicenter prospective cohort study

Author:

Riva-Cambrin Jay1,Kestle John R. W.1,Holubkov Richard2,Butler Jerry2,Kulkarni Abhaya V.3,Drake James3,Whitehead William E.4,Wellons John C.5,Shannon Chevis N.5,Tamber Mandeep S.6,Limbrick David D.7,Rozzelle Curtis8,Browd Samuel R.9,Simon Tamara D.10,_ _

Affiliation:

1. Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah;

2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah,

3. Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

4. Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;

5. Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;

6. Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;

7. Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;

8. Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Alabama, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Alabama; and

9. Departments of Neurosurgery and

10. Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington

Abstract

OBJECT The rate of CSF shunt failure remains unacceptably high. The Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) conducted a comprehensive prospective observational study of hydrocephalus management, the aim of which was to isolate specific risk factors for shunt failure. METHODS The study followed all first-time shunt insertions in children younger than 19 years at 6 HCRN centers. The HCRN Investigator Committee selected, a priori, 21 variables to be examined, including clinical, radiographic, and shunt design variables. Shunt failure was defined as shunt revision, subsequent endoscopic third ventriculostomy, or shunt infection. Important a priori–defined risk factors as well as those significant in univariate analyses were then tested for independence using multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling. RESULTS A total of 1036 children underwent initial CSF shunt placement between April 2008 and December 2011. Of these, 344 patients experienced shunt failure, including 265 malfunctions and 79 infections. The mean and median length of follow-up for the entire cohort was 400 days and 264 days, respectively. The Cox model found that age younger than 6 months at first shunt placement (HR 1.6 [95% CI 1.1–2.1]), a cardiac comorbidity (HR 1.4 [95% CI 1.0–2.1]), and endoscopic placement (HR 1.9 [95% CI 1.2–2.9]) were independently associated with reduced shunt survival. The following had no independent associations with shunt survival: etiology, payer, center, valve design, valve programmability, the use of ultrasound or stereotactic guidance, and surgeon experience and volume. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest prospective study reported on children with CSF shunts for hydrocephalus. It confirms that a young age and the use of the endoscope are risk factors for first shunt failure and that valve type has no impact. A new risk factor—an existing cardiac comorbidity—was also associated with shunt failure.

Publisher

Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)

Subject

General Medicine

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