Reduction by delayed hypothermia of cerebral infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: a time-course study

Abstract

✓ The effect of hypothermia on neuronal injury following permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the rat was examined. Moderate hypothermia (body temperature 24°C) was induced before MCA occlusion (0-minute delay group) in six rats, at 30 minutes in eight rats, and at 1 (seven rats), 2 (seven rats), and 3 (nine rats) hours after occlusion. The rats were kept at a 24°C body temperature for 1 hour, then allowed to rewarm over 90 minutes. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after MCA occlusion, and infarction was visualized by staining of coronal sections with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Infarct volumes were compared to matched normothermic control rats (body temperature 36°C). Additional groups of 0-minute delay hypothermic (10 rats) and control animals (nine rats) were sacrificed 72 hours after MCA occlusion to examine the effects of prolonged survival. A significant reduction in the percentage of infarcted right hemisphere was seen in the animals sacrificed after 24 hours with 0-minute, 30-minute, and 1-hour delays in inducing hypothermia (mean ± standard error of the mean: 2.2% ± 0.7%, 4.4% ± 0.9%, and 3.6% ± 1.1%, respectively) as compared to normothermic control rats (10.8% ± 1.5%, p < 0.01 by Student's t-test). In the 2- and 3-hour delay groups, the percentage of infarcted right hemisphere was 17.1% ± 2.4% and 12.0% ± 2.7%, respectively, and no decrease in infarct volume was observed. The 0-minute delay hypothermia group sacrificed after 72 hours also displayed a significant reduction in right hemisphere infarct compared to their respective controls (4.8% vs. 11.7%, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that, in the setting of permanent MCA occlusion, hypothermia markedly decreases brain injury even when its induction is delayed for up to 1 hour after the onset of ischemia. Ischemic damage does not appear to be merely retarded but permanently averted.