Glial scar and neuroregeneration: histological, functional, and magnetic resonance imaging analysis in chronic spinal cord injury

Author:

Hu Rong1,Zhou Jianjun1,Luo Chunxia1,Lin Jiangkai1,Wang Xianrong1,Li Xiaoguang2,Bian Xiuwu3,Li Yunqing4,Wan Qi5,Yu Yanbing6,Feng Hua1

Affiliation:

1. 1Department of Neurosurgery and

2. 2Beijing Center for Neural Regeneration and Repairing, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing;

3. 3Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing;

4. 4Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and

5. 5Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada

6. 6Beijing Sino-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing;

Abstract

ObjectA glial scar is thought to be responsible for halting neuroregeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, little quantitative evidence has been provided to show the relationship of a glial scar and axonal regrowth after injury.MethodsIn this study performed in rats and dogs, a traumatic SCI model was made using a weight-drop injury device, and tissue sections were stained with H & E for immunohistochemical analysis. The function and behavior of model animals were tested using electrophysiological recording and the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale, respectively. The cavity in the spinal cord after SCI in dogs was observed using MR imaging.ResultsThe morphological results showed that the formation of an astroglial scar was defined at 4 weeks after SCI. While regenerative axons reached the vicinity of the lesion site, the glial scar blocked the extension of regrown axons. In agreement with these findings, the electrophysiological, behavioral, and in vivo MR imaging tests showed that functional recovery reached a plateau at 4 weeks after SCI. The thickness of the glial scars in the injured rat spinal cords was also measured. The mean thickness of the glial scar rostral and caudal to the lesion cavity was 107.00 ± 20.12 μm; laterally it was 69.92 ± 15.12 μm.ConclusionsThese results provide comprehensive evidence indicating that the formation of a glial scar inhibits axonal regeneration at 4 weeks after SCI. This study reveals a critical time window of postinjury recovery and a detailed spatial orientation of glial scar, which would provide an important basis for the development of therapeutic strategy for glial scar ablation.

Publisher

Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)

Subject

General Medicine

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