1. Notes
2. 1 See plenary keynote presentation to the Technequality Conference (https://technequality-project.eu/files/michaelhandelprojectionspresentationbrusselsseminarpdf). For full program, see https://technequality-project.eu/files/scientificconferencetechnequality-finalprogrammlpdf and https://technequality-project.eu/news/technequality-virtual-scientific-conference-25-and-26-november-looking-back-successful-event.
3. 2 Norbert Wiener wrote, "It is perfectly obvious that ["automatic machines"] will produce an unemployment situation, in comparison with which the present recession and even the depression of the thirties will seem a pleasant joke." See Wiener, The human use of human beings: cybernetics and society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p.189. See also Gregory R. Woirol, The technological unemployment and structural unemployment debates (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996); Amy Sue Bix, Inventing ourselves out of jobs? America's debate over technological unemployment, 1929-1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); and Maxine Berg, The machinery question and the making of political economy, 1815-1848 (Cambridge University Press, 1980).
4. 3 See Automation and technological change: hearings before the Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization of the Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Congress of the United States, 84th Congress (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/1956/12/report-970887a6-35a4-47e3-9bb0-c3cdf82ec429;
5. New views on automation: paper submitted to the Subcommittee on Automation and Energy Resources of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, 86th Congress (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/1960/12/report-8e951d10-edf7-4102-8360-b95cd4fd0c92;