MXenes and their composites for advanced cathodes in multivalent ion batteries

Abstract

In recent years, multivalent metal-ion batteries (MMIBs) have garnered significant attention and research interest because of their abundant natural reserves, low cost, and high safety. However, in practical applications, owing to the high charge density of multivalent metal ions and the strong interaction between the intercalated metal ion and the cathode, the cathode exhibits low capacity and poor cycle stability. Therefore, it is crucial to explore suitable cathode materials for use in MMIBs. MXenes are novel two-dimensional materials that have developed rapidly in the field of energy storage. The current use of MXenes as cathodes in MMIBs has not yet been systematically summarized. This review summarizes the evolution and achievements of MXene-based cathodes in MMIBs, including MXenes and their derivatives, MXene/transition metal oxide composites, MXene/sulfur-based material composites, MXene/selenium-based material composites, and other MXene composites. Finally, the current challenges and future development of MXenes for advanced cathodes in MMIBs are discussed.