Updated review on neuromodulators

Abstract

As botulinum toxin is increasingly used cosmetically and medically, it is important to understand the differences between each formulation of this product. While the active molecule in each is a 150 kDa protein that prevents neurotransmitter release, there are currently five products FDA-approved for clinical use, with a sixth currently in its Phase 3 trial and a seventh applied under FDA review, each with different nontoxic accessory proteins and varying amounts of human serum albumin. These properties affect diffusion rates and storage methods, which are outlined in this review. Common complications and recommendations to avoid them are discussed.