A comprehensive review of the educational, clinical and rehabilitative applications of 3D printing technology in hand surgery

Abstract

With the rapid development of 3D printing (3DP) technology in both educational and perioperative settings, a thorough evaluation of the latest literature is warranted. This semi-systematic review explores the current educational, clinical, and rehabilitative applications of 3DP technology in hand surgery. In educational settings, student and trainee education improved with the use of inexpensive, accessible models for anatomy and surgical simulation, demonstrating an enhanced understanding of spatial relationships and increased confidence in surgical skills. Patient education and consent can be improved with the use of patient-specific models. Studies showed that patient-specific models led to higher patient comprehension and satisfaction during the consenting process. Patient-specific models also offer more comprehensive preoperative planning, and cutting guides facilitate more precise surgical techniques. Clinical outcomes indicated reduced operative times and radiation exposure, along with improved surgical accuracy. Additionally, 3DP enables the creation of cost-effective implants that precisely conform to each patient's anatomy. For rehabilitative purposes, 3DP can make splints that have the potential to reduce costs and improve compliance. Preliminary data indicated higher patient comfort and improved functional outcomes with 3D-printed splints. Overall, the current literature is mixed on the benefits of 3DP in hand surgery; however, many studies show promising results. As 3DP becomes more streamlined and the equipment becomes less expensive, its applications will continue to expand, and future research will be needed. Future studies should focus on long-term clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness to fully ascertain the efficacy and value of 3DP in hand surgery.