How do phenolic compounds act in the prevention and treatment of cancer?

Abstract

Cancer is the transformation of healthy cells into tumor cells in a multistage process that can affect any organ of the body. This disease is the second leading cause of death globally. There are now more than 10 million cancer cases per year worldwide, and the most common occurs in the lung, breast, and colon. Several studies demonstrate that lifestyle and eating habits are directly related to tumor cells’ appearance, such as high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, and tobacco and alcohol use. It is widely believed that diet and nutrients can act as cancer risk-modifiers throughout the process of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, progression, and/or conversion. Different plants have been the source of therapeutic agents. Plant-derived compounds have become indispensable for modern pharmacotherapy, and phenolic compounds are one of the most investigated due to their antitumor activity. Their cellular targets and mechanisms are compiled in the present work. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites present in large quantities in medicinal herbs and dietary plants (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and spices). They possess a diverse range of beneficial biological activities, which contribute to their potent effects on inhibiting carcinogenesis. Some benefits include cell proliferation and angiogenesis inhibition and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimetastatic activities. Thus, the present review supports the recommendations for consuming foods and drinks rich in phenolic compounds to prevent and possibly treat cancer.