This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book brings together an international group that includes anthropologists, historians, and an epidemiologist and human-rights scholar to produce an ethnographic critique of the contemporary global health enterprise. These contributors are engaged in both empirical and theoretical investigations of global health-related initiatives and epistemologies, and are concerned with the actual impacts of these initiatives on care, health systems, and governance. The book emphasizes ethnography as a crucial methodological tool for achieving better comprehension of health services at all levels of analysis and advocates anthropological case studies and cross-cultural analysis as foundational to a much-needed critical global health perspective. The book offers innovative ways of thinking about older debates in light of emerging realities, and it sets a new agenda for research in global health, one aimed at a more comprehensive framework for understanding the human, technical, and political issues involved.